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Mathematical Lock-in Detector
The lock-detectors let you modulate and demodulate any of the input and output signals available in the Nanonis controller with frequencies up to 40 kHz. Up to 8 lock-in detector modules can be used independently from each other or synchronized in a phase coherent manner when the generation of multiple frequencies is required. With the multi-frequency option a single module can demodulate up to 8 harmonics of the same signal or independent input signals. The advantage of an internal lock-in detector over an external device is
- Higher resolution and dynamic range
- Multifrequency and multi-input operation
- Over 120 dB linearity
- Over 100 dB dynamic reserve
- No need for gain and attenuation switching
- Steeper filters (up to 8. order)
- Up to 8 lock-ins, which can also be synchronized for phase-coherent operation
- Lock-in can be synchronized with OC4. Measure STM current at the exact oscillation frequency of the probe
- Synchronization with data acquisition when using Sync filtering
- Integration avoids errors due to insufficient settling time with slow filter responses
- no additional noise source through external cabling
- no potential grounding problems
- flexible and simple setup
- Guided filter set-up utility
- Ability to turn on and off the excitation through software during the experiment
- Ability to turn on and off the excitation for different bias ranges through software during the experiment
Applications range from regular dI/dV, CITS, inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS), transport experiments, Hall measurements, multi-frequency and multi-demodulator measurements of open and closed loop transfer functions and every type of phase sensitive measurements.
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Lock-in Specifications |
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Number: Up to 8 independent dual-phase lock-in amplifiers Modulation frequency range: 100 mHz - 40 kHz Demodulation frequency range: 100 mHz - 100 kHz Demodulators: Up to 8 dual-phase demodulators assignable to any carrier for each module Frequency resolution: 10 nHz Phase resolution: 22 fRad Demodulator settings: independent for each demodulator Demodulator harmonic: 1 - 32 Demodulator filter cut-off frequency: 100 mHz - 20 kHz Demodulator filter slope: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 dB/oct Demodulator output resolution: 32-bit Demodulator output data rate: 1 MS/s Sync filter frequency range: 100 mHz - 40 kHz Linearity: 120 dB Dynamic reserve: >100 dB |
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Lock-in packages: |
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- LD5-1: One signal generator, two demodulators
- LD5-2: Two signal generators, two demodulators for each signal generator
- LD5-4: Four signal generators, eight demodulators assignable to any signal generator and input
- LD5-8: Eight signal generators, eight demodulators assignable to any signal generator and input
- LD5-MF: Multi-demodulator and multi-input option for LD5-1 and LD5-2 with eight demodulators assignable to any signal generator and input
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Lock-in upgrade packages: |
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- LD5UG1-2: Upgrade from LD5-1 to LD5-2
- LD5UG1-4: Upgrade from LD5-1 to LD5-4
- LD5UG1-8: Upgrade from LD5-1 to LD5-8
- LD5UG2-4: Upgrade from LD5-2 to LD5-4
- LD5UG2-8: Upgrade from LD5-2 to LD5-8
- LD5UG4-8: Upgrade from LD5-4 to LD5-8
- LD5UG1MF-2MF: Upgrade from LD5-1 with LD5-MF option to LD5-2MF
- LD5UG1MF-4: Upgrade from LD5-1 with LD5-MF option to LD5-4 (includes LD5-MF option)
- LD5UG1MF-8: Upgrade from LD5-1 with LD5-MF option to LD5-8 (includes LD5-MF option)
- LD5UG2MF-4: Upgrade from LD5-2 with LD5-MF option to LD5-4 (includes LD5-MF option)
- LD5UG2MF-8: Upgrade from LD5-2 with LD5-MF option to LD5-4 (includes LD5-MF option)
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Figure: Spectroscopy with 20 uV AC modulation 100 uV stepsize on 9V output signal (+-10 V output and input range).
Figure: Dynamic reserve measured with a 100 uV input signal. The frequency of the signal is swept from 1 Hz to 10 kHz, while a 10 V, 1 kHz signal is applied on the same input. 100 dB dynamic reserve are easily achieved even very close to the frequency of the interfering signal demonstrating the excellent signal recovery capability of the lock-in module. Harmonics are due to distortion components and not to lock-in filtering.
Figure: Lock-in filter configuration utility. The user specifies a settling time of 1 ms and a maximum error of 5% (The signal reaches at least 95% of the final value after a step). The utility calculates a set of filter cut-offs (time constants) and filter orders which fulfill these requirements
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Nanonis SO5/TSO 16-channel signal source released

The SO5 and TSO are 16-channel precision, low-noise analog output add on modules for the Nanonis SPM Control System and the Nanonis Tramea quantum transport measurement system. Nanonis Tramea users can profit from up to 48 temperature-stabilized 20-bit signal sources able to control even the most complex nanostructures. More information about the new instrument can be found here
New application note library online

Announcing our two new application notes galleries to highlight results from our SPM control system as well as the new Nanonis Tramea QTMS.
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